Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial infection that can become life-threatening if it is not treated promptly. It is caused by Salmonella typhi and usually spreads through contaminated food or water. Typhoid remains a concern in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Latin America, so if you’re travelling to these areas, it’s worth understanding typhoid symptoms, risks and ways to protect yourself.
What Are the Early Signs of Typhoid Fever?
Typhoid fever early symptoms typically appear one to three weeks after exposure, beginning gradually. According to the NHS, common early signs include:
- A sustained high fever, rising steadily to 39 to 40 degrees Celsius
- Persistent headache and general fatigue
- Muscle aches and loss of appetite
- Abdominal discomfort and constipation, sometimes followed by diarrhoea
Typhoid can be difficult to recognise at first because its symptoms can look similar to those of other infections. A blood or stool test may be needed to confirm the diagnosis.
How Typhoid Symptoms Progress Over Time
Without treatment, typhoid symptoms can become more severe over several weeks. During the second week, some people develop a faint, rose-coloured rash on the torso. By the third week, more serious complications can occur, including intestinal bleeding and problems affecting other organs.
Getting diagnosed and treated early can significantly reduce the risk of these complications, as highlighted by the World Health Organization.
What Are the Complications of Typhoid Fever?
Typhoid fever complications are rare in treated cases but can be severe when treatment is delayed. The most serious include:
- Intestinal perforation, where the bowel wall develops a hole requiring emergency surgery
- Internal bleeding from the digestive tract
- Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) or brain (encephalitis)
- Kidney failure in severe cases
Children, older adults and those with compromised immune systems can be at greater risk of serious illness.
Typhoid Fever Treatment and Recovery Time
Typhoid fever treatment usually involves antibiotics, prescribed following a confirmed diagnosis. The NHS advises that most people start to feel better within two to three days of starting antibiotics.
Even once treatment has started, recovery can take time. Most people recover within two to four weeks, depending on how severe the infection is. More serious cases may require hospital treatment.
How Effective Is the Typhoid Vaccine?
The typhoid vaccine is the most reliable way to reduce your risk before travel. Typhoid vaccine effectiveness ranges from 50 to 80 per cent depending on the type used.
Two typhoid vaccines are available in the UK:
- Injectable Vi polysaccharide vaccine: a single dose, effective for around two to three years.
- Oral Ty21a vaccine: taken over several days, offering a similar duration of protection.
Vaccination is only part of the picture. It’s still important to be careful about what you eat and drink while travelling, particularly in areas where typhoid is more common.
Protect Yourself Before You Travel
Typhoid can be prevented, and getting vaccinated before your trip is a simple step that can reduce your risk. If you’re travelling to an area where typhoid is common, a pharmacist can also advise you on food, drink and other travel health precautions.
Visit Nima Pharmacy in Richmond or Stoneleigh for travel health advice and your typhoid vaccine before your next trip. Book your appointment today and make sure you’re prepared before you travel.
FAQ
How long does typhoid last without treatment?
Without treatment, typhoid can persist for several weeks and carries a fatality rate of up to 30 per cent, according to the WHO.
Can you catch typhoid in the UK?
Typhoid is rare in the UK but can occur in people returning from travel to endemic regions.
Is the typhoid vaccine available at a pharmacy?
Yes, Nima Pharmacy offers the typhoid vaccine at both the Richmond and Stoneleigh branches as part of its travel clinic service.
Can typhoid come back after treatment?
Yes, relapse occurs in around 5 to 10 per cent of cases, typically two to three weeks after initial recovery.
Do I need the typhoid vaccine for every trip?
Vaccination is recommended for travel to South Asia, parts of Africa, and Latin America. Your pharmacist can advise based on your specific itinerary.
How is typhoid different from typhus?
Despite the similar name, typhoid and typhus are caused by different bacteria and are unrelated diseases with different transmission routes.