Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial infection that spreads through contaminated food or water. It continues to pose a real health risk, especially for travellers visiting regions where sanitation and clean water access are limited.
According to the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), there were 645 confirmed cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland in 2023—the highest number recorded since 1980. Most of these infections were linked to international travel.
Recognising the early warning signs of typhoid fever is essential to prevent complications and protect yourself during travel. In this article, we’ll explain the key symptoms of typhoid fever, the four stages of the illness, and how the typhoid fever vaccine can help reduce your risk before your next trip abroad.
What Are the First Signs and Symptoms of Typhoid Fever?
The early symptoms of typhoid fever often resemble those of common viral infections, making it easy to overlook in the beginning. However, it usually develops gradually over 7 to 14 days after infection.
Common early signs include:
- Persistent high fever (often above 39°C)
- Weakness and fatigue
- Headache and body ache
- Loss of appetite
- Mild stomach pain or discomfort
- Constipation or diarrhoea
These typhoid fever signs and symptoms tend to worsen if not treated promptly. At this stage, visiting your local pharmacy for assessment and advice is essential.
What Are the 4 Stages of Typhoid Fever?
Typhoid fever typically progresses through four stages over three to four weeks if untreated. Understanding these 4 stages of typhoid fever can help you identify the condition early and seek help quickly.
Stage 1: Early Illness (Week 1)
The infection begins with mild fever, headache, and fatigue. Some people may experience constipation and general discomfort. The fever gradually rises each day.
Stage 2: High Fever and Abdominal Symptoms (Week 2)
Fever becomes persistent, reaching up to 40°C. Abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhoea or constipation become more noticeable. A rash with small pink spots may appear on the chest or abdomen.
Stage 3: Severe Illness (Week 3)
If left untreated, serious complications can occur, such as intestinal bleeding or perforation. The patient may become very weak, delirious, or dehydrated.
Stage 4: Recovery (Week 4 and Beyond)
With the right treatment and rest, symptoms gradually improve. However, without treatment, the fever may persist or relapse.
How Is Typhoid Fever Diagnosed and Treated?
Pharmacists can guide you on the next steps if you show symptoms of typhoid fever. Diagnosis typically involves a stool, urine, or blood test to detect the bacteria.
Treatment usually includes:
- A full course of antibiotics
- Adequate hydration to prevent dehydration
- Rest and a balanced diet
- Avoiding self-medication without advice
You should also maintain good hygiene to prevent spreading the infection to others.
Can the Typhoid Fever Vaccine Help Prevent It?
Yes, the typhoid fever vaccine is an effective way to reduce your risk, especially if you’re travelling to countries where typhoid is common. There are two main types available in the UK — an injectable vaccine and an oral capsule.
Who Should Get Vaccinated?
- Travellers visiting Asia, Africa, or Latin America
- People working in environments with possible exposure
- Those living in areas with poor sanitation
While the vaccine offers strong protection, maintaining good hygiene, such as drinking safe water and eating properly washed or cooked food, remains important for full peace of mind when travelling.
Stay Protected with Professional Advice
If you notice any typhoid fever signs and symptoms, don’t ignore them. Early action helps prevent severe illness and protects those around you.
Book an appointment at Nima Pharmacy today for your typhoid fever vaccine and expert travel health advice.
FAQs
What are the early warning signs of typhoid fever?
The first signs include a persistent high fever, headache, weakness, stomach pain, and loss of appetite. These symptoms usually appear 7 to 14 days after infection.
How can I tell if my fever is typhoid or just viral?
A typhoid fever tends to last longer, often rising gradually each day, and may include abdominal pain, rash, or severe fatigue — unlike a short viral fever, which usually resolves in a few days.
What are the four stages of typhoid fever?
The four stages are early illness (mild fever and fatigue), high fever with abdominal symptoms, severe illness with possible complications, and recovery with proper treatment.
Can the typhoid vaccine completely prevent infection?
The typhoid vaccine offers around 70% protection. While it greatly reduces your risk, practising good hygiene and avoiding contaminated food or water remain essential.
How long does typhoid fever last after treatment?
With prompt antibiotic treatment, most people recover within 7 to 10 days. Without treatment, the infection can last several weeks and may cause serious complications.
When should I visit a pharmacist about typhoid symptoms?
If your fever persists for more than a few days, or you experience stomach pain, weakness, or a rash after travel, speak to our pharmacist immediately for advice and possible testing.